Old Elven (älveen /ælʲβʲe̞ːnʲ/) is a classical language originally spoken in the ancient Elven Dominion, and is used as a literary, scriptural or legal language in some lands. It is the proto-language for numerous modern Elven and Goblin dialects.
The language is an aggultinative and synthetic language. Combinations of prefixes and suffixes are added to roots to form words. In Old Elven, each change in category such as gender, person, number, or tense is handled by a different affix, whereas in an inflective language, which the reader may be more famliar with, a single affix might be used to indicate a single combination of all of those.
Word order in Old Elven is generally subject-object-verb, and adjectives come after nouns. The language recognizes makes use of four genders: female, male, animate neutral and inanimate neutral.
NOTE
Old Elven is described here for use in building single words such as proper nouns for personal use. It is not intended to be a spoken or literary language, and thus the grammar is not described.
Stress is always on the second to last syllable of the word.
In addition to typical classifications, Old Elven has a broad and slender contrast to most consonants. A broad consonant is generally velarized and labialized if the consonant isn’t already labial, before a front vowel. Velarized means that the back of the tongue is raised during pronunciation. This results in a slight ’w’ sound as the consonant ends. Similarly, a slender consonant is generally palatialized before a back vowel, resulting in a slight ’y’ sound.
In the Old Elven Consonants table below, when two consonants appear, the first is unvoiced and the second voiced.
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Glottal | ||||
| Plosive Broad | /pˠ/ | /bˠ/ | /t̪ˠ/ | /d̪ˠ/ | /k/ | /ɡ/ | |
| Plosive Slender | /pʲ/ | /bʲ/ | /c/ | /ɟ/ | |||
| Affricate | /tɕ/ | /dʑ/ | |||||
| Fricative Broad | /ɸˠ/ | /βˠ/ | /sˠ/ | /x/ | /ɣ/ | ||
| Fricative Slender | /ɸʲ/ | /βʲ/ | /ʃ/ | /ç/ | |||
| Fricative Glottal | /h/ | ||||||
| Approximant | /j/ | ||||||
| Nasal Broad | /mˠ/ | /n̪ˠ/ | /ŋ/ | ||||
| Nasal Slender | /mʲ/ | /nʲ/ | /ɲ/ | ||||
| Trill Broad | /rˠ/ | ||||||
| Trill Slender | /rʲ/ | ||||||
| Lateral Fricative | /ɫ̪/ | ||||||
| Lateral Approximant | /lʲ/ | ||||||
Voiceless stops are generally aspirated, unless they occur after a fricative or at the end of a word. The labial fricatives are bilabial, not labiodental. The coronal stops and the broad nasal are dental, not alveolar.
The slender equivalent to the coronal stops (/t̪ˠ/ and /d̪ˠ/) are affricates (/tɕ/ and /dʑ/), just as the slender version of the voiceless coronal fricative is a palatal fricative /ʃ/. In a related shift, the dorsal voice fricative becomes the approximant /j/. However, the /j/ has an allophone of /ʝ/ (voiced /ç/) at the end of a syllable when not word-final. Using a similar pattern, the dorsal consonants are not velarized or palatalized, but the consonants shift position towards velar or palatal instead. The glottal consonant does not have a broad or slender form. The broad /l/ is a voiceless lateral fricative.
The trills /rˠ/ and /rʲ/ are pronounced as taps /ɾˠ/ and /ɾʲ/ when that phoneme appears in the middle of a word adjacent to vowels on either side, or when they appear at the end of a word immediately after a vowel.
Where two vowels appear in the Old Elven Vowels table below, they represent an unrounded and rounded pair, respectively. The back vowels except for /ɑ/ are rounded.
Old Elven has a feature called ’vowel harmony’, in which the vowels in a word must be related. When words are compounded or derived, the vowels of connected words are often changed to match the harmony of the other words. This is usually the main word in derivational suffixes, but can be either in a compound word. More information on this is described in “Phonotactics”.
The table columns separate vowels by harmony instead of backness. Any and fore harmony vowels are all front vowels, and back harmony vowels are back vowels.
| Any Harmony | Fore Harmony | Back Harmony | |||
| Close | /i/ /iː/ | /y/ /yː/ | /u/ /uː/ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mid | /e̞/ /e̞ː/ | /ø̞/ /ø̞ː/ | /o̞/ /o̞ː/ | ||
| Open | /æ/ /æː/ | /ɑ/ /ɑː/ | |||
Old Elven also contrasts vowels by length. Long vowels are about double in length, and are continuous sounds.
The Old Elven Dipthongs table shows dipthongs that appear. Most dipthongs rise to close vowles, but there are three exceptions which are a close vowel falling to a different mid vowel.
| Any Harmony | Fore Harmony | Back Harmony | |
| Rising to /i/ | /ei̯/ | /yi̯/ /æi̯/ /øi̯/ | /oi̯/ /ui̯/ /ɑi̯/ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rising to /y/ | /ey̯/ /iy̯/ | /æy̯/ /øy̯/ | |
| Rising to /u/ | /eu̯/ /iu̯/ | /ou̯/ /ɑu̯/ | |
| Falling | /ie̯/ | /yø̯/ | /uo̯/ |
The syllable structure follows the form (C(L))V(C). The following rules define how sounds can be placed together in words. An onset is a series of consonants that begin a syllable. A coda is a series of consonants that end a syllable. The rules define how words are built, including affixes. They do apply over compound words and in derivitional affixes. The speaker may insert a glottal stop or other vowel in boundaries inside compound words to make them easier to pronounce.
The first syllable in a word may start with any vowel, or an onset that starts with any consonant except voiced coronal plosive or nasal (/d̪ˠ/, /dʑ/, /ŋ/, or /ɲ/).
If an onset ends with an obstruent (plosive, non-lateral fricative or affricate), that phoneme may be followed by a liquid (lateral or trill) that matches the previous consonant’s slender or broad category, or any vowel.
If an onset ends with a non-obstruent, that phoneme must be followed by any vowel.
Vowel Harmony: A word with multiple syllables must have harmonious vowels. When diphthongs appear, the harmoy applies to the first vowel.
If the vowels /y/, /ø̞/ or /æ/ appear in a syllable, then all remaining syllables may only have the vowels /y/, /ø̞/ /æ/, /i/ or /e/.
If the vowels /u/, /o/, or /a/ appear in a syllable, then all remaining syllables may only have the vowels /u/, /o/, /a/, /i/ or /e/.
If the vowels /i/ or /e/ appear in a syllable, any vowel may appear in following syllables.
A vowel may end a word.
A single vowel may be followed by a coda with any consonant or an onset with any consonant. This is not a real phonotactic rule. It emerges from a rule which requires that two vowels next to each other become a diphthong.
A double or diphthong vowel may be followed by another vowel, a coda with any consonant, or an onset with any consonant.
A coda with a coronal consonant (/t̪ˠ/, /tɕ/, /d̪ˠ/, /dʑ/, /sˠ/, /ʃ/, /n̪ˠ/, /nʲ/, /rˠ/, /rʲ/, /ɫ̪/, or /lʲ/) may end a word.
If a vowel or coda may not end a word, it must be followed by another syllable.
If a syllable ends with a plosive, it may be followed by an onset with a plosive in the same place of articulation, a non-lateral fricative, a non-lateral approximant, a liquid, or a vowel.
. If a syllable ends with a non-lateral fricative or affricate, it may be followed by an onset with any consonant or vowel.
. If a syllable ends with a nasal, it may be followed by an onset with an obstruent or non-lateral approximant of the same place of articulation, or a vowel.
. If a syllable ends with a liquid, it may be followed by an onset with an obstruent, non-lateral approximant, a nasal, or a vowel.
Old Elven is written in a logo-syllabic script which has almost 1,000 signs. It would not be at all practical to try to replicate it here. Instead, I am providing a way to transcribe the phonemes into latin letters. This transcription makes use of diacritics (marks above or below the letters), which has the added bonus of giving the script a more unfamiliar appearance (at least for English readers).
A second transcription is supplied for more informal text. This transcription removes diacritics where the difference in sound is indistinguishable in English. In other cases, it uses digraphs to indicate sounds that English speakers can differentiate. This informal transcription is easier to type on a US English keyboard, but may not provide accurate pronunciation.
| Phoneme | Formal | Informal | Phoneme | Formal | Informal |
| /bʲ/ | ḅ | b | /u/ | u | u |
| /bˠ/ | b | b | /ui̯/ | uį | ui |
| /c/ | č | g | /uo̯/ | uǫ | uo |
| /dʑ/ | ď | jh | /uː/ | ū | uu |
| /d̪ˠ/ | d | d | /x/ | x | hh |
| /ei̯/ | eį | ei | /y/ | ü | ü |
| /eu̯/ | eų | eu | /yi̯/ | üį | üi |
| /ey̯/ | eų̈ | eü | /yø̯/ | üǫ̈ | üö |
| /e̞/ | e | e | /yː/ | ǖ | üü |
| /e̞ː/ | ē | ee | /æ/ | ä | ä |
| /h/ | h | h | /æi̯/ | äį | äi |
| /i/ | i | i | /æy̯/ | äų̈ | äü |
| /ie̯/ | ię | ie | /æː/ | ǟ | ää |
| /iu̯/ | ių | iu | /ç/ | x̌ | hh |
| /iy̯/ | ių̈ | iü | /øi̯/ | öį | öi |
| /iː/ | ī | ii | /øy̯/ | öų̈ | öü |
| /j/ | j | j | /ø̞/ | ö | ö |
| /k/ | c | c | /ø̞ː/ | ȫ | öö |
| /lʲ/ | l | l | /ŋ/ | ŋ | ng |
| /mʲ/ | ṃ | m | /ɑ/ | a | a |
| /mˠ/ | m | m | /ɑi̯/ | aį | ai |
| /nʲ/ | ṇ | n | /ɑu̯/ | aų | au |
| /n̪ˠ/ | n | n | /ɑː/ | ā | aa |
| /oi̯/ | oį | oi | /ɟ/ | ǧ | g |
| /ou̯/ | oų | ou | /ɡ/ | g | g |
| /o̞/ | o | o | /ɣ/ | x̨ | gh |
| /o̞ː/ | ō | oo | /ɫ̪/ | ł | lh |
| /pʲ/ | p̣ | p | /ɲ/ | ŋ̌ | ng |
| /pˠ/ | p | p | /ɸʲ/ | f̣ | f |
| /rʲ/ | ṛ | r | /ɸˠ/ | f | f |
| /rˠ/ | r | r | /ʃ/ | š | sh |
| /sˠ/ | s | s | /βʲ/ | ṿ | v |
| /tɕ/ | ť | ch | /βˠ/ | v | v |
| /t̪ˠ/ | t | t |
The following is a lexicon of common Old Elven words and their English translations. The words are divided up into groups of words, such as proper names, numbers, pronouns, etc.
(Formal: aįłeįṇ; /ɑi̯ɫ̪ei̯nʲ/) lesser moon (Eilwain)
(Formal: älṿēṇ; /ælʲβʲe̞ːnʲ/) Old Elven language, the Elven peoples as a whole, unknown etymology
(Formal: älṿeįüṇ; /ælʲβʲei̯ynʲ/) council elf caste (possibly from iyci “to say”)
(Formal: älṿepähǖłäṇ; /ælʲβʲe̞pˠæhyːɫ̪ænʲ/) high elf cast (from pähüülhä “they know”, see English noble)
(Formal: älṿešüťīṇ; /ælʲβʲe̞ʃytɕiːnʲ/) wood elf caste (from shuchii “forest”)
(Formal: ästäf̣f̣e; /æsˠt̪ˠæɸʲɸʲe̞/) first planet (Astaffe)
(Formal: ḅehīmat; /bʲe̞hiːmˠɑt̪ˠ/) a mythological dragon
(Formal: böįx̨bäräṇ; /bˠøi̯ɣbˠærˠænʲ/) bugbear caste (first part possibly from böi “two” and ghä “three” )
(Formal: ťāmat; /tɕɑːmˠɑt̪ˠ/) a mythological dragon
(Formal: ejaų; /e̞jɑu̯/) third planet (Eow)
(Formal: fīrbölx̨öṇ; /ɸˠiːrˠbˠø̞lʲɣø̞nʲ/) firbolg caste
(Formal: x̨öblēṇ; /ɣø̞bˠlʲe̞ːnʲ/) goblin caste
(Formal: x̌öx̨öblēṇ; /çø̞ɣø̞bˠlʲe̞ːnʲ/) hobgoblin caste (from /çø̞/ “six”)
(Formal: ildabaųt; /ilʲd̪ˠɑbˠɑu̯t̪ˠ/) fourth planet (Ildabouth)
(Formal: lüf̣inüṿēṇ; /lʲyɸʲin̪ˠyβʲe̞ːnʲ/) Sea peoples
(Formal: ŋoṃēṇ; /ŋo̞mʲe̞ːnʲ/) gnome caste
(Formal: öįďäṛǖṇ; /øi̯dʑærʲyːnʲ/) deep elf caste
(Formal: oṛa; /o̞rʲɑ/) greater moon (Oria)
(Formal: sabaųt; /sˠɑbˠɑu̯t̪ˠ/) second planet (Sabouth)
(Formal: sīsat; /sˠiːsˠɑt̪ˠ/) a mythological dragon
(Formal: lu; /lʲu/) I
(Formal: to; /t̪ˠo̞/) you (singular)
(Formal: fä; /ɸˠæ/) he
(Formal: lä; /lʲæ/) she
(Formal: tä; /t̪ˠæ/) they (singular personal)
(Formal: emä; /e̞mˠæ/) it (impersonal)
(Formal: iṛbü; /irʲbˠy/) we
(Formal: üǧö; /yɟø̞/) you (plural)
(Formal: eų̈ łä; /ey̯ɫ̪æ/) they
(Formal: ių̈ pemä; /iy̯pˠe̞mˠæ/) this
(Formal: ių̈ ṃbimä; /iy̯mʲbˠimˠæ/) that
(Formal: ių̈ pe; /iy̯pˠe̞/) here
(Formal: ių̈ ṃbi; /iy̯mʲbˠi/) there
(Formal: šṛä; /ʃrʲæ/) who
(Formal: šṛoma; /ʃrʲo̞mˠɑ/) what
(Formal: šṛombi; /ʃrʲo̞mˠbˠi/) where
(Formal: šṛoje; /ʃrʲo̞je̞/) when
(Formal: šṛocri; /ʃrʲo̞krˠi/) how
(Formal: uįdī; /ui̯d̪ˠiː/) all
(Formal: ťī; /tɕiː/) many
(Formal: mopi; /mˠo̞pˠi/) some
(Formal: aųď; /ɑu̯dʑ/) few
(Formal: mö; /mˠø̞/) one
(Formal: böį; /bˠøi̯/) two
(Formal: x̨ä; /ɣæ/) three
(Formal: ṿiju; /βʲiju/) four
(Formal: öįďe; /øi̯dʑe̞/) five
(Formal: x̌ö; /çø̞/) six
(Formal: möx̌ö; /mˠø̞çø̞/) seven
(Formal: ṿijubuį; /βʲijubˠui̯/) eight
(Formal: x̨äx̨ä; /ɣæɣæ/) nine
(Formal: öįďeböį; /øi̯dʑe̞bˠøi̯/) ten
(Formal: möįďeböį; /mˠøi̯dʑe̞bˠøi̯/) eleven
(Formal: böįďeböį; /bˠøi̯dʑe̞bˠøi̯/) twelve
(Formal: šalu; /ʃɑlʲu/) i am
(Formal: šato; /ʃɑt̪ˠo̞/) you are (singular)
(Formal: šafa; /ʃɑɸˠɑ/) he is
(Formal: šala; /ʃɑlʲɑ/) she is
(Formal: šata; /ʃɑt̪ˠɑ/) they are (singular personal)
(Formal: šaįma; /ʃɑi̯mˠɑ/) it is (impersonal)
(Formal: šaįṛbu; /ʃɑi̯rʲbˠu/) we are
(Formal: šaįǧo; /ʃɑi̯ɟo̞/) you are (plural)
(Formal: šaįuła; /ʃɑi̯uɫ̪ɑ/) they are
(Formal: ǟci; /æːki/) to laugh
(Formal: āci; /ɑːki/) to come
(Formal: äįci; /æi̯ki/) to wash
(Formal: aįci; /ɑi̯ki/) to give
(Formal: aųci; /ɑu̯ki/) to die
(Formal: ḅeci; /bʲe̞ki/) to walk
(Formal: ḅep̣örx̌eų̈ ci; /bʲe̞pʲø̞rˠçey̯ki/) to swim
(Formal: ḅeṿüxöci; /bʲe̞βʲyxø̞ki/) to fly
(Formal: büci; /bˠyki/) to pull
(Formal: ētici; /e̞ːt̪ˠiki/) to work
(Formal: eįci; /ei̯ki/) to sell
(Formal: eįpeci; /ei̯pˠe̞ki/) to have
(Formal: eų̈ ci; /ey̯ki/) to buy
(Formal: eų̈ lci; /ey̯lʲki/) to fight
(Formal: f̣af̣oųci; /ɸʲɑɸʲou̯ki/) to get
(Formal: f̣laci; /ɸʲlʲɑki/) to live
(Formal: freci; /ɸˠrˠe̞ki/) to think
(Formal: x̨eci; /ɣe̞ki/) to trade
(Formal: göveci; /ɡø̞βˠe̞ki/) to help
(Formal: ǧuįci; /ɟui̯ki/) to hold
(Formal: x̌ilici; /çilʲiki/) to stand
(Formal: ięhäįci; /ie̯hæi̯ki/) to eat
(Formal: ių̈ ci; /iy̯ki/) to burn
(Formal: ių̈ ci; /iy̯ki/) to say
(Formal: ių̈ čici; /iy̯ciki/) to vomit
(Formal: jöci; /jø̞ki/) to fall
(Formal: joxeci; /jo̞xe̞ki/) to drink
(Formal: łeų̈ ci; /ɫ̪ey̯ki/) to bite
(Formal: łių̈ ci; /ɫ̪iy̯ki/) to take
(Formal: łöslüci; /ɫ̪ø̞sˠlʲyki/) to spit
(Formal: łuci; /ɫ̪uki/) to suck
(Formal: lüłṃüceci; /lʲyɫ̪mʲyke̞ki/) to cut
(Formal: ṃäci; /mʲæki/) to fear
(Formal: ṃädteci; /mʲæd̪ˠt̪ˠe̞ki/) to push
(Formal: müci; /mˠyki/) to scratch
(Formal: ṃüšrici; /mʲyʃrˠiki/) to hear
(Formal: ŋ̌äci; /ɲæki/) to steal
(Formal: ŋ̌ap̣aci; /ɲɑpʲɑki/) to make
(Formal: öci; /ø̞ki/) to freeze
(Formal: öxöci; /ø̞xø̞ki/) to sing
(Formal: ölöci; /ø̞lʲø̞ki/) to rub
(Formal: önüįṛṇeci; /ø̞n̪ˠyi̯rʲnʲe̞ki/) to kill
(Formal: ȫci; /ø̞ːki/) to turn (motion, not change, intransitive)
(Formal: ōuci; /o̞ːuki/) to count
(Formal: oųǧaṛedeci; /ou̯ɟɑrʲe̞d̪ˠe̞ki/) to flow
(Formal: öų̈ sṛeci; /øy̯sˠrʲe̞ki/) to tie
(Formal: p̣äci; /pʲæki/) to lie (as in a bed)
(Formal: pähüci; /pˠæhyki/) to know
(Formal: pähǖłä; /pˠæhyːɫ̪æ/) they know
(Formal: p̣ṛäci; /pʲrʲæki/) to sit
(Formal: p̣ṛüf̣üci; /pʲrʲyɸʲyki/) to swell
(Formal: raf̣beci; /rˠɑɸʲbˠe̞ki/) to split
(Formal: ṛöteci; /rʲø̞t̪ˠe̞ki/) to blow
(Formal: ruǫx̌oųṇaci; /rˠuo̯çou̯nʲɑki/) to play
(Formal: šici; /ʃiki/) to stab
(Formal: soci; /sˠo̞ki/) to smell
(Formal: sroci; /sˠrˠo̞ki/) to float
(Formal: taťci; /t̪ˠɑtɕki/) to wipe
(Formal: tif̣üǫ̈ ci; /t̪ˠiɸʲyø̯ki/) to breathe
(Formal: uci; /uki/) to sew
(Formal: üįci; /yi̯ki/) to hunt
(Formal: üįüci; /yi̯yki/) to dig
(Formal: ułci; /uɫ̪ki/) to sleep
(Formal: ümüci; /ymˠyki/) to see
(Formal: uǫax̌f̣oci; /uo̯ɑçɸʲo̞ki/) to hit
(Formal: uǫci; /uo̯ki/) to squeeze
(Formal: vojǧoci; /βˠo̞jɟo̞ki/) to throw
(Formal: ā; /ɑː/) in
(Formal: āl; /ɑːlʲ/) at
(Formal: äįde; /æi̯d̪ˠe̞/) hand
(Formal: äįdeṿüxö; /æi̯d̪ˠe̞βʲyxø̞/) wing
(Formal: äįłe; /æi̯ɫ̪e̞/) salt
(Formal: äįre; /æi̯rˠe̞/) black
(Formal: aų; /ɑu̯/) ice
(Formal: aųǧo; /ɑu̯ɟo̞/) right (relative direction)
(Formal: äṿṿe; /æβʲβʲe̞/) father
(Formal: błü; /bˠɫ̪y/) seed
(Formal: błüp̣öd; /bˠɫ̪ypʲø̞d̪ˠ/) fruit
(Formal: ťlö; /tɕlʲø̞/) year
(Formal: ťönǖ; /tɕø̞n̪ˠyː/) neck
(Formal: ťuše; /tɕuʃe̞/) name
(Formal: či; /ci/) rotten
(Formal: čix̨łe; /ciɣɫ̪e̞/) good
(Formal: cop̣łi; /ko̞pʲɫ̪i/) day
(Formal: croťa; /krˠo̞tɕɑ/) meat
(Formal: crüf̣äď; /krˠyɸʲædʑ/) large
(Formal: crügö; /krˠyɡø̞/) big
(Formal: čü; /cy/) small
(Formal: ē; /e̞ː/) round
(Formal: eįa; /ei̯ɑ/) river
(Formal: eįǧö; /ei̯ɟø̞/) left
(Formal: eųf̣a; /eu̯ɸʲɑ/) love
(Formal: eų̈ x̌ṛö; /ey̯çrʲø̞/) breast
(Formal: fäf̣lür; /ɸˠæɸʲlʲyrˠ/) brother
(Formal: f̣äď; /ɸʲædʑ/) long
(Formal: fäṛödjä; /ɸˠærʲø̞d̪ˠjæ/) son
(Formal: f̣ät; /ɸʲæt̪ˠ/) lake
(Formal: fi; /ɸˠi/) stone
(Formal: f̣löď; /ɸʲlʲø̞dʑ/) nose
(Formal: f̣lü; /ɸʲlʲy/) wind
(Formal: f̣lür; /ɸʲlʲyrˠ/) sibling, friend (these are the same in many elven and goblin cultures)
(Formal: f̣ö; /ɸʲø̞/) cloud
(Formal: x̨eį; /ɣei̯/) water
(Formal: x̨eįmoŋ̌i; /ɣei̯mˠo̞ɲi/) wet
(Formal: x̨ofiga; /ɣo̞ɸˠiɡɑ/) happy
(Formal: x̨riṃü; /ɣrˠimʲy/) dog
(Formal: x̨u; /ɣu/) louse
(Formal: goxeį; /ɡo̞xei̯/) foot
(Formal: gruḅiępro; /ɡrˠubʲie̯pˠrˠo̞/) star
(Formal: ǧṛüǫ̈ ; /ɟrʲyø̯/) thin
(Formal: güṇähäṃö; /ɡynʲæhæmʲø̞/) dry
(Formal: hampa; /hɑmˠpˠɑ/) rain
(Formal: xäḅäšä; /xæbʲæʃæ/) hair
(Formal: xäḅäšäṿüxö; /xæbʲæʃæβʲyxø̞/) feather
(Formal: x̌e; /çe̞/) and
(Formal: hotła; /ho̞t̪ˠɫ̪ɑ/) liver
(Formal: hötüǫ̈ ; /hø̞t̪ˠyø̯/) old
(Formal: huṃošoį; /humʲo̞ʃoi̯/) guts
(Formal: ięp̣ä; /ie̯pʲæ/) pride
(Formal: ięvŋo; /ie̯βˠŋo̞/) warm
(Formal: īp̣luŋ̌e; /iːpʲlʲuɲe̞/) belly
(Formal: ių; /iu̯/) heart
(Formal: ių̈ lve; /iy̯lʲβˠe̞/) tongue (the organ)
(Formal: jebṛä; /je̞bˠrʲæ/) ear
(Formal: jeṿix̨üį; /je̞βʲiɣyi̯/) road
(Formal: jüx̨ǧi; /jyɣɟi/) grass
(Formal: jup̣al; /jupʲɑlʲ/) tooth
(Formal: la; /lʲɑ/) straight
(Formal: läf̣lür; /lʲæɸʲlʲyrˠ/) sister
(Formal: läṛödjä; /lʲærʲø̞d̪ˠjæ/) daughter
(Formal: leįti; /lʲei̯t̪ˠi/) woman
(Formal: łāǧi; /ɫ̪ɑːɟi/) tail
(Formal: łejsa; /ɫ̪e̞jsˠɑ/) flower
(Formal: łi; /ɫ̪i/) short
(Formal: łi; /ɫ̪i/) white
(Formal: ło; /ɫ̪o̞/) ash
(Formal: łüx̌ü; /ɫ̪yçy/) fat (noun)
(Formal: lö; /lʲø̞/) smoke
(Formal: lüf̣inü; /lʲyɸʲin̪ˠy/) sea
(Formal: ṃaďa; /mʲɑdʑɑ/) mother
(Formal: ṃeįtito; /mʲei̯t̪ˠit̪ˠo̞/) man (adult male)
(Formal: meųmḅo; /mˠeu̯mˠbʲo̞/) snake
(Formal: mojhaš; /mˠo̞jhɑʃ/) fog
(Formal: moŋ̌i; /mˠo̞ɲi/) full
(Formal: ṃöš; /mʲø̞ʃ/) smooth
(Formal: müjce; /mˠyjke̞/) hate
(Formal: ŋ̌ä; /ɲæ/) yellow
(Formal: ŋagji; /ŋɑɡji/) far
(Formal: ŋäŋö; /ŋæŋø̞/) thick
(Formal: ŋ̌e; /ɲe̞/) egg
(Formal: ŋ̌öṇe; /ɲø̞nʲe̞/) new
(Formal: ŋu; /ŋu/) sun
(Formal: ŋuri; /ŋurˠi/) night
(Formal: oxe; /o̞xe̞/) skin
(Formal: öŋčöp̣fü; /ø̞ŋcø̞pʲɸˠy/) heavy
(Formal: ȫḅi; /ø̞ːbʲi/) root
(Formal: ōlīŋ̌a; /o̞ːlʲiːɲɑ/) leg
(Formal: ȫṃä; /ø̞ːmʲæ/) sand
(Formal: ōpe; /o̞ːpˠe̞/) mouth
(Formal: ōrṿių; /o̞ːrˠβʲiu̯/) fire
(Formal: pa; /pˠɑ/) back
(Formal: peŋǧö; /pˠe̞ŋɟø̞/) fingernail
(Formal: p̣örx̌eų̈ ; /pʲø̞rˠçey̯/) fish
(Formal: p̣oṛi; /pʲo̞rʲi/) because
(Formal: p̣uťo; /pʲutɕo̞/) near
(Formal: rämeųmḅö; /rˠæmˠeu̯mˠbʲø̞/) worm
(Formal: ṛeta; /rʲe̞t̪ˠɑ/) earth
(Formal: ṛö; /rʲø̞/) sky
(Formal: ṛodja; /rʲo̞d̪ˠjɑ/) child
(Formal: ruť; /rˠutɕ/) not
(Formal: ruťf̣lur; /rˠutɕɸʲlʲurˠ/) enemy
(Formal: ši; /ʃi/) dull (as a knife)
(Formal: šöp̣li; /ʃø̞pʲlʲi/) horn (of an animal)
(Formal: šṛäṃe; /ʃrʲæmʲe̞/) other
(Formal: šṛi; /ʃrʲi/) bad
(Formal: šṛux̌eį; /ʃrʲuçei̯/) mountain
(Formal: šu; /ʃu/) correct
(Formal: šuťī; /ʃutɕiː/) forest
(Formal: šuťuje; /ʃutɕuje̞/) tree
(Formal: šüčü; /ʃycy/) stick
(Formal: sino; /sˠin̪ˠo̞/) rope
(Formal: sope; /sˠo̞pˠe̞/) shame
(Formal: sragī; /sˠrˠɑɡiː/) head
(Formal: suŋo; /sˠuŋo̞/) cold
(Formal: supṛo; /sˠupˠrʲo̞/) leaf
(Formal: tǟ; /t̪ˠæː/) animal
(Formal: tixari; /t̪ˠixɑrˠi/) bark (of a tree)
(Formal: tivit; /t̪ˠiβˠit̪ˠ/) spouse, wife, husband (no gender)
(Formal: tłäṛi; /t̪ˠɫ̪ærʲi/) blood
(Formal: toxeųdu; /t̪ˠo̞xeu̯d̪ˠu/) anger
(Formal: ü; /y/) if
(Formal: udx̨i; /ud̪ˠɣi/) red
(Formal: üį; /yi̯/) sharp (as a knife)
(Formal: uįďlo; /ui̯dʑlʲo̞/) wide
(Formal: üįt; /yi̯t̪ˠ/) narrow
(Formal: üįti; /yi̯t̪ˠi/) person (humanoid)
(Formal: ümü; /ymˠy/) eye
(Formal: uvlo; /uβˠlʲo̞/) snow
(Formal: ṿädü; /βʲæd̪ˠy/) bone
(Formal: ṿäŋ̌äį; /βʲæɲæi̯/) dirty
(Formal: vių̈ o; /βˠiy̯o̞/) knee
(Formal: ṿoṿe; /βʲo̞βʲe̞/) with
(Formal: vü; /βˠy/) dust
(Formal: ṿüḅłä; /βʲybʲɫ̪æ/) green
(Formal: ṿuxo; /βʲuxo̞/) bird